 Re: Amanita, articles and image links, with full references:
In article <c3s5vu$29qd0b$1@ID-170198.news.uni-berlin.de>,
"Shaun Rimmer" <shaun@newtronic.co.uk> wrote:
> (About 10 minutes work.)
>
> Poisoning with spotted and red mushrooms--pathogenesis, symptoms, treatmen
t
> Wiad Lek
> Vol 49 (No. 1-6) 1996, 66-71
> by K. Tupalska-Wilczynska; R. Ignatowicz; A. Pozlemski; H. Wojcik; G.
> Wilczynski
>
>
>
> --------------------------------------------------------------------------
--
> ----
>
>
>
> [Article in Polish]
>
> Amanita pantherina and Amanita muscaria are commonly occurring mushrooms i
n
> Polish forests. They contain ibotenic acid and muscimol: the substances
> reacting with neurotransmitter receptors in central nervous system. The
> ingestion of these mushrooms produces a distinctive syndrome consisting of
> alternating phases of drowsiness and agitation with hallucinations, and
> sometimes with convulsions. The diagnosis of Amanita pantherina or Amanita
> muscaria poisoning is established by means of mycologic investigation of
> gastric lavage. The treatment is only symptomatic, and the prognosis is
> usually good.
>
>
> __________________________________________________________
>
> Pharmacology of Amanita muscaria
> by Erowid
> December 2001
>
>
>
> --------------------------------------------------------------------------
--
> ----
>
> The primary active chemicals known in Amanita muscaria and A. pantherina
> are: Muscimol, Ibotenic Acid, Muscazone, and Muscarine. Muscimol is
> considered the principle psychoactive, with oral dosages of pure muscimol
> around 10-15 milligrams 1,2. Ibotenic acid is also active orally, but at
> doses 5-8 times higher than those of muscimol 2,3. The other chemicals are
> only present in trace amounts in the mushrooms, well below their active
> levels in humans. The pharmacology of A. muscaria is not fully understood,
> but the following chemicals are considered the primary candidates:
>
> Muscimol: Muscimol's primary action is at GABA receptor sites as a potent
> GABA-A agonist. Muscimol is commonly used in lab research on the GABA, whi
ch
> is a primary inhibitory neurotransmitter. Muscimol has been shown to be
> active in several parts of the brain including the cerebral cortex,
> hippocampus, and cerebellum 4.
>
> Ibotenic Acid: The current view is that Ibotenic Acid does not cross the
> blood brain barrier unchanged and is partially metabolised into muscimole
> and the rest excreted. Ibotenic acid, however, has been shown to be a pote
nt
> neurotoxin when injected directly in the brains of mice and rats and is us
ed
> as a potent brain-lesioning agent. It is structurally similar to glutamate
> and activates NMDA receptors, but this is not likely to be involved
> significantly with the effects of A. muscaria.
>
> Muscarine: Muscarine is known to affect acetylcholine levels and acts at
> muscarinic receptors, named for this chemical. While the levels of muscari
ne
> in A. muscaria are quite low (.002% - .003% by dry weight)5, some of the
> effects of A. muscaria are characteristic of cholinergic involvement.
>
> Muscazone: Muscazone is also a possible breakdown product of Ibotenic Acid
> and Ott describes it as a possible "artifact of isolation procedures" whic
h
> is "of dubious psychoactivity". It is not considered to be a substantial
> part of the psychoactive effects of A. muscaria.
>
> Other Chemicals: Several other chemicals have been reported in A. muscaria
,
> some of them erroneously.
>
> Bufotenin (5-OH-DMT): One paper in 1953 (Wieland & Motzel) claimed to find
> bufotenin in A. muscaria extract but all subsequent research failed to
> confirm this result. Bufotenin is also not very potent when taken orally.
> Bufotenin is not believed to be present in the muscaria-class amanitas.
>
> l-hyoscayamine (isomer of atropine): One paper (Lewis 1955) reported findi
ng
> l-hyoscayamine in A. muscaria & A. pantherina from South Africa, but
> subsequent researchers failed to confirm this finding. This mistaken claim
> was repeated in the movie Altered States, but all current references
> consider this an error.
>
> Misc: stizolobinic acid, stizolobic acid, methyltetrahydrocarboline
> carboxylic acid. Isolated by some researchers in some A. muscaria mushroom
s,
> of unknown activity, but not considered to be significant in the
> psychoactive effects of the muscaria mushrooms.
>
>
>
> Notes
>
> Theobald W, Bush O, Kunz HA, Krupp P, Stenger EG, Heimann H. 1968.
> "Pharmakologische und experimentalpsychologische Untersuchungen mit 2
> Inhaltsstoffen des Fleigenpilzes" Arzneim-Forsch 18:311-15.
> Waser PG. "The pharmacology of A muscaria" In Ethnopharmacologic Search fo
r
> Psychoactive Drugs Efron DH, Homsted B, Kline NS eds. 1967
> Chilton WS. 1975. "The course of an intentional poisoning" McIlvainea 2:
> 17-18
> Ito Y, Segawa K, Fukuda H. 1995 "Functional diversity of GABAA receptor
> ligand-gated chloride channels in rat synaptoneurosomes" Synapse
> 19(3):188-96.
> Eugster CH. 1968. "Wirkstoffe aus dem Fligenpilz" Naturwissenshaften, 55:
> 305-13.
>
>
> References:
>
> Spinella, Marcello. "Psychopharmacology of Herbal Medicine" MIT Press, 200
1.
> pp 386-390.
> Ott, Jonathan. "Pharmacotheon" Natural Products Co, 1996. pp 323-358.
> Schultes & Hofmann. "Botany & Chemistry of Hallucinogens" Charles C Thomas
,
> 1980. pp 45-55.
>
> ________________________________
>
> Photographs of the main toxic Amanitas:
>
> <http://images.google.co.uk/images?h..s/bingensi.html
>
> http://pluto.njcc.com/~ret/amanita/..s/rubrovol.html
>
> same:
>
> http://www5b.biglobe.ne.jp/~tmasai/himebe.html
>
> __________________________
>
> Search for 'Amanita muscaria toxicolgy', gives me:
>
> "9.3 Course, prognosis, cause of death
>
> Toxic effects appear 30 to 90 minutes after ingestion
> and last usually for 6 hours but may persist for 12 to 24
> hours. Hangover is often observed the following day. The
> prognosis is usually good with symptomatic treatment. Death
> from these mushrooms is extremely rare (Chilton, 1978).
> Although they sometimes produce dramatic intoxications with
> extensive psychological and neurological effects these
> mushrooms have a totally unwarranted reputation for being
> "deadly poisonous". "
>
> With regard to A. muscaria and A. pantharina. From:
> http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/fungi/pimg026.htm
>
> More on toxicology:
>
> http://www.erowid.org/plants/amanit.._journal8.shtml
>
>
>
>
>
> Shaun aRe
>
>
>
>
Well done. :-)
K.
--
Sprout the Mung Bean to reply..
"There are many intelligent species in the universe, and they are all owned
by cats! -- Asimov
>,,<Cat's Haven Hobby Farm>,,<Katraatcenturyteldotnet>,,<
http://cgi6.ebay.com/ws/eBayISAPI.d..d=katra
|
Last Thread
Next Thread
08-04-04 12:24 AM
