| ironjustice@aol.com 2006-10-17, 4:27 pm |
| <<snip>>
episodes of facial flushing, warmth of the palms and soles of feet,
throbbing headache, fullness in the head, dizziness, lethargy,
prickling sensation, pruritus / itch and arthralgia.
<<snip>>
Heavy smoking and liver.
El-Zayadi AR
World J Gastroenterol. 2006 Oct 14; 12(38): 6098-101
Smoking causes a variety of adverse effects on organs that have no
direct contact with the smoke itself such as the liver. It induces
three major adverse effects on the liver: direct or indirect toxic
effects, immunological effects and oncogenic effects. Smoking yields
chemical substances with cytotoxic potential which increase
necroinflammation and fibrosis. In addition, smoking increases the
production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6 and TNF- alpha)
that would be involved in liver cell injury. It contributes to the
development of secondary polycythemia and in turn to increased red cell
mass and turnover which might be a contributing factor to secondary
iron overload disease promoting oxidative stress of hepatocytes.
Increased red cell mass and turnover are associated with increased
purine catabolism which promotes excessive production of uric acid.
Smoking affects both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses by
blocking lymphocyte proliferation and inducing apoptosis of
lymphocytes. Smoking also increases serum and hepatic iron which induce
oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation that lead to activation of
stellate cells and development of fibrosis. Smoking yields chemicals
with oncogenic potential that increase the risk of hepatocellular
carcinoma (HCC) in patients with viral hepatitis and are independent of
viral infection as well. Tobacco smoking has been associated with
supression of p53 (tumour suppressor gene). In addition, smoking causes
suppression of T-cell responses and is associated with decreased
surveillance for tumour cells. Moreover, it has been reported that
heavy smoking affects the sustained virological response to interferon
(IFN) therapy in hepatitis C patients which can be improved by repeated
phlebotomy. Smoker's syndrome is a clinico-pathological condition where
patients complain of episodes of facial flushing, warmth of the palms
and soles of feet, throbbing headache, fullness in the head, dizziness,
lethargy, prickling sensation, pruritus and arthralgia.
Abstract =B7 PubMed FullText =B7 SFX =B7 GS Clip Export InterDB =B7
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Tom
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