| Niggercrusher 2006-03-22, 10:49 am |
| Where can we get a refund ???
--
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By Ishbel Matheson in Lusaka
At the Lusaka sewage ponds, two teenage boys plunge their hands into the
dark brown sludge, gathering up fistfuls and stuffing it into small plastic
bottles. They tap the bottles on the ground, taking care to leave enough
room for methane to form at the top. A sour smell rises in the hot sun, but
the boys seem oblivious to the stench and the foul nature of their task.
They are manufacturing "Jenkem", a disgusting, noxious mixture made from
fermented sewage. It is cheap, potent and very popular among the thousands
of street-children in Lusaka. When they cannot afford glue or are too scared
to steal petrol, these youngsters turn to Jenkem as a way of getting high.
"It lasts about an hour", says one user, 16-year-old Luke Mpande, who
prefers Jenkem to other substances.
"Nigger Forger" <kingextremehnic@yahoo.com> wrote in message
news:Xns978E806AF882Al6d36acadpimp@81.174.50.80...
> http://www.jamaica-gleaner.com/glea...cus/focus4.html
>
> THE ROLE OF AFRICANS IN THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE
>
> The first reality with which we must contend is the role of Africans in
> the Atlantic slave trade. It was Africans who collaborated with the
> European slave traders and facilitated the enslavement of fellow Africans
> for the benefit of the European capitalism by agreeing to the exchange of
> manufactured goods, especially cloth, for slaves. It should be pointed out
> that the slave in African society was not dehumanised nor treated with the
> barbarous cruelty which characterised plantation slavery in the Americas.
> African slaves were often described as slaves in name only "by virtue of
> their relative freedom and the wide variety of employment to which they
> were put."
>
> However, the fact that "The institution of slavery was widespread in
> Africa and accepted in all the exporting regions, while the capture,
> purchase, transport and sale of slaves was a regular feature of African
> society," (John Thornton in Africa and the Africans in the Making of the
> Atlantic World) created the basis for the expansion of this trade to
> supply the labour required by the plantation economy of the Atlantic
> world.
>
> The pressure on Africa to expand slavery was virtually irresistible. The
> entire European ruling class was involved in encouraging and financing the
> tribal wars which produced the slaves, and investing in the trade which
> supplied them to plantations in Jamaica and the Atlantic world. Queen
> Elizabeth I herself financed the slave trader John Hawkins by providing
> him with a ship which she named Jesus and giving him a knighthood. Even if
> we concede the capacity of the Europeans to create the conditions for the
> growth of the Atlantic slave trade, the role of the Africans can neither
> be overlooked nor excused.
>
> The major impetus, however, for the expansion of the Atlantic slave trade
> came from the large-scale extended tribal war between 1660 and 1775 in the
> region which now comprises Ghana, Nigeria and Benin. This conflict added
> considerably to the availability of slaves for export, since the defeated
> automatically became the property of the victors. It was the Ashanti who
> emerged the victors and the supreme military power among the Akan-speaking
> people of the Gold Coast and Ivory Coast, and as a consequence the
> controlling force in the slave trade from where most of Jamaica's slaves
> came. Whereas before tribal wars were the principal source of accumulating
> slaves, kidnapping was now added as a major strategy, and as a consequence
> slaves bought in the markets of the north and interior were obtained by
> raiding as well as warfare.
>
> The lesson we need to learn is that it was the enmity and division among
> African people which was promoted and exploited by European capitalism,
> which sustained the process by which Africa was bled of its finest sons
> and daughters for over two centuries. The tragedy is that there is no
> evidence that we have learnt this lesson as yet. We are still susceptible
> to manipulation and remain a most fractious society.
>
> In 1943 the British Governor was able to capitalise on the sectarianism of
> the PNP by manipulating Bustamante into splitting the National Movement.
> As a result, between 1943 and 1949 we had our own tribal war with the two
> tribes fighting under the banner of their respective political parties. In
> 1963 these wars resumed with even greater intensity, and the gun had
> become the weapon of choice in 1980 when the country was reduced to a
> virtual civil war. We have not yet recovered.
>
> CROSSING THE ATLANTIC
>
> The slaves were brought in chains from Africa's interior, linked three or
> four together and kept in this condition in trading centres until the
> opportunity for sale presented itself. They were then loaded, men and
> women on the ship and sometimes kept on the ship for as much as 14 days
> until they were ready to sail.
>
> On the "middle passage" as the voyage to the Caribbean was called, slaves
> were allocated a space 2 ft by 5 ft and chained. In this position, they
> remained for the entire voyage which lasted anywhere between six and
> twelve weeks, coming up once a day for exercise and to clean the pails.
> "But when the cargo was rebellious or the weather bad, then they stayed
> below for weeks at a time. The close proximity of so many naked human
> beings, their bruised and festering flesh, the fetid air, the prevailing
> dysentery, the accumulation of filth, turned these holds into a hell."
>
> Arriving in Jamaica, the standard practice was for the slaves to be
> "placed altogether in a large yard belonging to the merchants to whom the
> ship was consigned ... as the hour agreed on arrived the doors of the yard
> were thrown open and in rushed the purchasers with all the ferocity of
> brutes."
>
> WHO WERE THESE SLAVES?
>
> They included the cream of African artisans, blacksmiths, millwrights,
> coopers, wheelwrights, masons, plumbers, carpenters, coppersmiths and
> engineers who could hold their own with their counterparts in any part of
> the world.
>
> One particular slave, Ancass, was a 12-year-old African prince, born about
> the year 1799 in the country of the Iboes. He was kidnapped and sold into
> slavery, ending up on the Krepp Estate in Westmoreland. From early he
> showed leadership qualities becoming an elder of the Moravian Church and
> buying his freedom one year before emancipation. Today he is remembered,
> perhaps only by his descendants as the patriarch of two outstanding
> Jamaican families the Lloyds and the Monteiths. Both families have served
> Jamaica well providing modern Jamaica with three parliamentarians and an
> impressive cadre of professionals.
>
> The Atlantic slave trade sustained the institution of plantation slavery
> in Jamaica, which still exerts a most powerful influence on the outlook,
> attitudes and values of Jamaicans. It is my view that this subject
> requires continued study and analysis if the development of which
> Councillor Sinclair speaks is to be realised and sustained.
>
> INFORMATION SOURCES:
>
> Africa and the Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World by John
> Thornton
>
> The story of the Jamaica People by Phillip Sherlock and Hazel Bennett.
>
> How Europe Underdeveloped Africa by Walter Rodney.
>
> Slaves who abolished slavery. Vol.1. by Richard Hart
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